smoothbrains.net: A three-year retrospective
Posted on 18 October 2025 by
I began writing this blog in the middle of 2022. The first post I published was Planetary scale vibe collapse: The death of liminal consciousness as the origin of human suffering, which I wrote because I wanted to help a friend of mine to understand the concept of liminality. I also figured that starting a blog would be a decent way to make friends on the internet. This said, I really only expected that six or seven of my close friends would read it – but Scott Alexander included it in his Links For December 2022 mailer, describing it as maybe the weirdest post I’ve read this year. I found this immensely encouraging and resolved to keep writing.
This project quickly evolved into an effort to apply a phenomenology-first approach to consciousness research, joining the Qualia Research Institute’s project in treating the notion of qualia as the subject of something like a pre-paradigmatic field theory. Oftentimes, this has felt a little like living in a Greg Egan story. This quest to understand the relationship between subjective experience and objective reality has led me to meet some very interesting people around the world – and on occasion to consume unusual substances in exotic locations.

Now, if I run wc posts/*
on this directory, it tells me that I’ve published 132,568 words over the course of three years. I’m now planning to take a break from writing – at least until next year sometime – so this feels like a natural place to pause and take stock. This project has been a self-funded labour of love so far, but I would also like to step back for a little while in order to decide how this fits into my life – and which projects I will continue to focus my efforts on.
Sequences
On this website’s homepage, the posts I’ve written so far are presented in chronological order – but many of these posts develop common themes and build on arguments made and models proposed in previous posts. In order to make this easier to navigate, I’ve arranged the writing so far into a set of short “sequences”:
Phenomenology 1.1: Lehar’s frameworks
Reviewing the phenomenological frameworks proposed by the vision researcher Steven Lehar, which are used as a foundation for other discussion of phenomenology. Animations contributed by Scry Visuals.
- An introduction to Steven Lehar, part I: Bubble worlds and force fields — 1 October 2022
- An introduction to Steven Lehar, part II: Symmetries and periodicities — 22 November 2022
- An introduction to Steven Lehar, part III: Flame fronts and shock scaffolds — 18 January 2023
Phenomenology 1.2: Psychoactive drugs
Detailed reviews of the subjective effects of different drugs, generally discussing their pharmacology and phenomenology before attempting to propose something about how they work.
- DMT with two eyes open, part I: Visual phenomena — 19 February 2023
- The oral tesseract: Homuncular flexibility on DMT — 30 June 2023
- Ketamine: WD-40 for the Bayesian brain — 1 August 2023
- 5-MeO-DMT: A crash course in phenomenal field topology — 1 March 2024
- Xenon and nitrous oxide: Noble and ignoble anaesthetics — 29 April 2025
- Estrogen: A trip report — 15 June 2025
Phenomenology 2.1: The spatial domain
Discussions of different models of low-level subjective phenomena. References the work of Mike Johnson, Andrés Gómez Emilsson, Mark Lippmann, Brad Caldwell, and Roger Thisdell.
- The state of play in symmetry — 18 February 2023
- Attention and awareness: A two-stroke model of consciousness — 28 October 2023
- What is a bodymind knot? — 29 May 2024
- An informal review of anthropic qualia states — 18 June 2024
- Path integrals and orbifolds: What is it like to be a cube? — 1 June 2025
Phenomenology 2.2: The frequency domain
Discussions of somewhat more advanced models of phenomenology with a focus on signal theory and the frequency domain. These posts reference the work of Romeo Stevens and Matthew Leo, and were written with contributions from Wystan Bryant-Scott, Ethan Kuntz, and Andrés Gómez Emilsson.
- Is consciousness holographic? — 31 July 2025
- The three marks of existence and the Fourier uncertainty principle — 10 October 2025
- Here time turns into space: Does consciousness implement the fractional Fourier transform? — 17 October 2025
The QRI psychophysics retreats
In 2023, I participated in the Qualia Research Institute’s two psychophysics retreats, held in Brazil and Canada. The full contributions from all participants are available on heart.qri.org, but I also host copies of my own writeups here:
- The first QRI psychophysics retreat: Ayahuasca — 7 October 2023
- The second QRI psychophysics retreat: 5-MeO-DMT — 8 October 2023
- Cross-frequency coupling: Psychophysics results from the Brazil QRI retreat — 13 May 2024
Standalone posts
Posts which don’t really fit into any sequence but which I’d still like to showcase:
- Planetary scale vibe collapse: The death of liminal consciousness as the origin of human suffering — 24 August 2022
- An introduction to Susan Pockett: An electromagnetic theory of consciousness — 1 June 2023
- Interface design in the age of qualiatech: Do you want to be a button? — 19 July 2024
- Hypercomputation without bothering the cactus people: Software development for the DMT headspace — 26 September 2024
- How to talk about UFOs without alienating your friends — 14 June 2025
What’s next?
Phenomenology and consciousness research are two fields with too many low-hanging fruit. It seems like every time I begin investigating something, I wind up with three or four additional projects I’d like to spin up – and there’s never enough time to try them all. I’d like to share my current project list:
- Continue blogging, as I still have a number of posts I’d like to write about:
- How nonlinear optics provides a good model of nonlinearities in subjective experience
- A full explanation of a philosophical stance I call “Neopythagoreanism” (tongue-in-cheek)
- A Solomonoff induction based argument for physicalist theories of consciousness
- What switching from a computationalist to a physicalist ontology feels like from the inside
- A valence realist critique of Mike Johnson’s Symmetry Theory of Valence (as per discussions with Beata Grobenski)
- Additional implications of valence realism for artificial intelligence alignment
- Continue researching phenomenology of noninvasive brain stimulation
- My friend claims it is possible to generate to generate visual phosphenes using transcranial pulsed near-infrared stimulation, we tried his setup very briefly but I didn’t see anything
- Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of human primary visual cortex (Lee et al., 2016) claims it is possible to generate visual phosphenes using transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation; the researchers I have spoken to have found these results difficult but not impossible to replicate
- Continue self-directed study
- Quantum computing
- Quantum field theory
- Nonlinear optics
- Finish editing the interview I filmed with Steven Lehar in Boston earlier this year
- Finish preparing a number of psychophysics experiements which could be tested in a retreat setting:
- DMT visual field computation experiment 1.0
- DMT visual field computation experiment 2.0
- Estimate computational cost of the inverse optics problem
- DMT pitch space experiment (developed by a friend of mine)
- I should complete ear training first
- LSD magnetophosphenes experiment
- Psilocybin ringing artifacts experiment
- Frequency domain McCollough effect experiment
- Regular psychophysics with PsychoPy
- Investigate the Bell inequality violation experiment
- This is proposed in Quantum-like Qualia hypothesis: from Quantum Cognition to Quantum Perception (Tsuchiya et al., 2023)
- Investigate other curiosities
- Sharpen my creative coding skills, as I’d like to get better with tools like Manim and Touch Designer
- Start a number of creative coding projects:
- Continue exploring fractional Fourier transforms:
- Can they be used to make a music visualiser?
- Continue exploring nonlinear optical systems:
- Can they be used to simulate various phenomena?
- Develop a visual stimulus toolbox for iOS
- Strobes, gratings, noise spectra, Gabor functions etc.
- Find the best texture for the DMT popcorn ceiling effect
- Strobes, gratings, noise spectra, Gabor functions etc.
- Develop a real-time interactive visualisation toolbox for PyTorch on macOS
- Build the “mind thermometer” (as per discussions with Ethan Kuntz)
- Continue exploring fractional Fourier transforms:
I’m not really sure what I want to prioritise next or what support I might need in order to do it. I would also like to find a way to base myself in the United States, if possible. Some friends have suggested that I should try to get accepted into a PhD program somewhere – but this seems expensive, and I’m not sure whether it would be an appropriate venue for the research I think is important. Perhaps what makes the most sense is for me to finally take the time to develop a meditation practice – and perhaps I’ll also find the time to write some science fiction stories at last.
Prior to developing an interest in consciousness research, my main interest was in alternative programming paradigms, as I believe that the current state of software development is severely limiting the expression of human volition. I have written about this here and here. A friend of mine is working on such an effort to reinvent computing which I believe shows a lot of promise, so it’s possible that I wind up contributing to her project at some point.
Whether or not I do continue with this kind of consciousness research – there are not enough people working in this space, and we are always looking for additional collaborators. If you do believe you have some fresh insight to contribute – I think the best way to get involved is by starting a blog.

Recommended reading
Papers
There is a well-known anecdote from the computer programmer John Carmack about what he did when he wanted to understand what was the state of the art in machine learning and artificial intelligence research:
So I asked Ilya Sutskever, OpenAI’s chief scientist, for a reading list. This is my path, my way of doing things: give me a stack of all the stuff I need to know to actually be relevant in this space. And he gave me a list of like forty research papers and said, “If you really learn all of these, you’ll know 90% of what matters today”. And I did. I plowed through all those things and it all started sorting out in my head.
Apparently the original list was lost, although speculative reconstrutions exist. I’m a software developer by trade, so my understanding of science is entirely self-taught – mostly by just sitting down and grinding through long lists of papers, so I relate to Carmack’s approach to self-education.
People occasionally ask me if I have a list of key papers which I recommend reading – so I took the time to scroll through my Zotero database and compiled a list of fifty papers here. I won’t claim that this list constitutes 90% of what matters – but the following papers were all formative to my thinking, or at least quirky or interesting:
- NP-complete Problems and Physical Reality (Aaronson, 2005)
- Vibrational Resonance and Cognitive Internalization (Abraham and Cruz, 2000)
- Desummation (Allen-Clark, 2020)
- Autistic-like Traits and Positive Schizotypy as Diametric Specializations of the Predictive Mind (Andersen, 2022)
- Computational model links normalization to chemoarchitecture in the human visual system (Aqil et al., 2024)
- The Devil’s Staircase (Bak, 1986)
- Dynamic Stimulation of Visual Cortex Produces Form Vision in Sighted and Blind Humans (Beauchamp et al., 2020)
- Complex slow waves radically reorganise human brain dynamics under 5-MeO-DMT (Blackburne et al., 2024)
- Orientation Selectivity and the Arrangement of Horizontal Connections in Tree Shrew Striate Cortex (Bosking et al., 1997)
- What Geometric Visual Hallucinations Tell Us about the Visual Cortex (Bressloff et al., 2002)
- Pivotal mental states (Brower and Carhart-Harris, 2021)
- Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors (Carhart-Harris and Nutt, 2017)
- Topology of Three-Dimensional Active Nematic Turbulence Confined to Droplets (Čopar et al., 2019)
- Responses of striate cortex cells to grating and checkerboard patterns (De Valois et al., 1979)
- Novel color via stimulation of individual photoreceptors at population scale (Fong et al., 2025)
- Toroidal topology of population activity in grid cells (Gardner et al., 2022)
- Functional harmonics reveal multi-dimensional basis functions underlying cortical organization (Glomb et al., 2021)
- Don’t forget the boundary problem! How EM field topology can address the overlooked cousin to the binding problem for consciousness (Gómez-Emilsson and Percy, 2023)
- Introduction to Vector Field Topology (Günther and Rojo, 2021)
- Stroboscopically Induced Visual Hallucinations: Historical, Phenomenological and Neurobiological Perspectives (Hewitt et al., 2024)
- Linked and knotted beams of light (Irvine and Bouwmeester, 2008)
- Traveling Waves Integrate Spatial Information Through Time (Jacobs et al., 2025)
- Principia Qualia: Blueprint for a new science (Johnson, 2016)
- A dual-receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics: therapeutic insights from simulated cortical dynamics (Juliani et al., 2024)
- A Spacetime Perspective on Dynamical Computation in Neural Information Processing Systems (Keller et al., 2024)
- Topological point defects in nematic liquid crystals (Kleman and Lavrentovich, 2012)
- Nematic bits and universal logic gates (Kos and Dunkel, 2022)
- From many to (n)one: Meditation and the plasticity of the predictive mind (Laukkonen and Slagter, 2021)
- Phenomenology and content of the inhaled N, N-dimethyltryptamine experience (Lawrence et al., 2022)
- Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of human primary visual cortex (Lee et al., 2016)
- The Constructive Aspect of Visual Perception: A Gestalt Field Theory Principle of Visual Reification Suggests a Phase Conjugate Mirror Principle of Perceptual Computation (Lehar, 2008)
- Turing-Completeness and Undecidability in Coupled Nonlinear Optical Resonators (Li and Marandi, 2025)
- Topological braiding and virtual particles on the cell membrane (Liu et al., 2021)
- Transcranial focused ultrasound to the posterior cingulate cortex modulates default mode network and subjective experience: an fMRI pilot study (Lord et al., 2024)
- Clusters of Individuals Experiences form a Continuum of Persistent Non-Symbolic Experiences in Adults (Martin, 2020)
- A ubiquitous spectrolaminar motif of local field potential power across the primate cortex (Mendoza-Halliday et al, 2022)
- Geometrical frustration (Moessner and Ramirez, 2006)
- Maps of subjective feelings (Nummenmaa et al., 2018)
- Does the entorhinal cortex use the Fourier transform? (Orchard, 2013)
- Putative Perception of Rotating Permanent Magnetic Fields following Ingestion of LSD (Persinger, 1998)
- Consciousness Is a Thing, Not a Process (Pockett, 2017)
- Computability and complexity of ray tracing (Reif et al., 1994)
- Functional architecture of the somatosensory homunculus detected by electrostimulation (Roux et al., 2018)
- Fascial mechanoreceptors and their potential role in deep tissue manipulation (Schleip, 2003)
- Relating Tuning and Timbre (Sethares, 1993)
- Is the Sun Conscious? (Sheldrake, 2021)
- A Spectroscopic Mechanism for Primary Olfactory Reception (Turin, 1996)
- Qualia and Phenomenal Consciousness Arise From the Information Structure of an Electromagnetic Field in the Brain (Ward and Guevara, 2022)
- The possibilities of neural holographic processes within the brain (Westlake, 1970)
- A quantum microtubule substrate of consciousness is experimentally supported and solves the binding and epiphenomenalism problems (Wiest, 2025)
Books
I also recommend the following textbooks, most of which I have read at least part of during the past three years:
- Div, Grad, Curl and All That (Schey, 2004)
- The Symmetries of Things (Conway et al., 2008)
- Dynamics: The Geometry of Behavior (Abraham, 1984)
- Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos (Strogatz, 2000)
- Introduction to Electrodynamics (Griffiths, 2017)
- Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (Griffiths and Schroeter, 2018)
- Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Nielsen and Chuang, 2011)
- Nonlinear Optics (Boyd, 2020)
I must also recommend phaseborn’s novel Upon the Mirror Sea, which is some of the best cyberpunk I have encountered in years. When I first ran across it, this felt as if the universe had served up a piece of science fiction perfectly tailored to my own personal tastes. My review is here.